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- <text id=93TT0631>
- <title>
- Nov. 22, 1993: The Economics Of Cloning
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Nov. 22, 1993 Where is The Great American Job?
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ESSAY, Page 86
- The Economics Of Cloning
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>By Barbara Ehrenreich
- </p>
- <p> Any normal species would be delighted at the prospect of cloning.
- No more nasty surprises like sickle cell or Down syndrome-just
- batch after batch of high-grade and, genetically speaking, immortal
- offspring! But representatives of the human species are responding
- as if someone had proposed adding Satanism to the grade-school
- curriculum. Suddenly, perfectly secular folks are throwing around
- words like sanctity and dredging up medieval-era arguments against
- the hubris of science. No one has proposed burning him at the
- stake, but the poor fellow who induced a human embryo to double
- itself has virtually recanted--proclaiming his reverence for
- human life in a voice, this magazine reported, "choking with
- emotion."
- </p>
- <p> There is an element of hypocrisy to much of the anticloning
- furor, or if not hypocrisy, superstition. The fact is we are
- already well down the path leading to genetic manipulation of
- the creepiest sort. Life-forms can be patented, which means
- they can be bought and sold and potentially traded on the commodities
- markets. Human embryos are life-forms, and there is nothing
- to stop anyone from marketing them now, on the same shelf with
- the Cabbage Patch dolls.
- </p>
- <p> In fact, any culture that encourages in vitro fertilization
- has no right to complain about a market in embryos. The assumption
- behind the in vitro industry is that some people's genetic material
- is worth more than others' and deserves to be reproduced at
- any expense. Millions of low-income babies die every year from
- preventable ills like dysentery, while heroic efforts go into
- maintaining yuppie zygotes in test tubes at the unicellular
- stage. This is the dread "nightmare" of eugenics in familiar,
- marketplace form--which involves breeding the best-paid instead
- of the best. Cloning technology is an almost inevitable by-product
- of in vitro fertilization. Once you decide to go to the trouble
- of in vitro, with its potentially hazardous megadoses of hormones
- for the female partner and various indignities for the male,
- you might as well make a few backup copies of any viable embryo
- that's produced. And once you've got the backup copies, why
- not keep a few in the freezer, in case Junior ever needs a new
- kidney or cornea?
- </p>
- <p> No one much likes the idea of thawing out one of the clone kids
- to harvest its organs, but according to Andrew Kimbrell, author
- of The Human Body Shop, in the past few years an estimated 50
- to 100 couples have produced babies to provide tissue for an
- existing child. Plus there is already a thriving market in Third
- World kidneys and eyes. Is growing your own really so much worse
- than plundering the bodies of the poor? Or maybe we'll just
- clone for the fun of it. If you like a movie scene, you can
- rewind the tape, so when Junior gets all pimply and nasty, why
- not start over with Junior II? Sooner or later, among the in
- vitro class, instant replay will be considered a human right.
- </p>
- <p> The existential objections ring a bit hollow. How will it feel
- to be one clone among hundreds? the anticloners ask. Probably
- no worse than it feels to be the 3 millionth 13-year-old dressed
- in identical baggy trousers, untied sneakers and baseball cap--a feeling usually described as "cool." In mass-consumer society,
- notions like "precious individuality" are best reserved for
- the Nike ads.
- </p>
- <p> Besides, if we truly believed in the absolute uniqueness of
- each individual, there would be none of this unseemly eagerness
- to reproduce one's own particular genome. What is it, after
- all, that drives people to in vitro rather than adoption? Deep
- down, we don't want to believe we are each unique, one-time-only
- events in the universe. We hope to happen again and again. And
- when the technology arrives for cloning adult individuals, genetic
- immortality should be within reach of the average multimillionaire.
- Ross Perot will be followed by a flock of little re-Rosses.
- </p>
- <p> As for the argument that the clones will be subpeople, existing
- to gratify the vanity of their parents (or their "originals,"
- as the case may be), since when has it been illegal to use one
- person as a vehicle for the ambitions of another? If we don't
- yet breed children for their SAT scores, there is a whole class
- of people, heavily overlapping with the in vitro class, who
- coach their toddlers to get into the nursery schools that offer
- a fast track to Harvard. You don't have to have been born in
- a test tube to be an extension of someone else's ego.
- </p>
- <p> For that matter, if we get serious about the priceless uniqueness
- of each individual, many venerable social practices will have
- to go. It's hard to see why people should be able to sell their
- labor, for example, but not their embryos or eggs. Labor is
- also made out of the precious stuff of life--energy and cognition
- and so forth--which is hardly honored when "unique individuals"
- by the millions are condemned to mind-killing, repetitive work.
- </p>
- <p> The critics of cloning say we should know what we're getting
- into, with all its Orwellian implications. But if we decide
- to outlaw cloning, we should understand the implications of
- that. We would be saying in effect that we prefer to leave genetic
- destiny to the crap shooting of nature, despite sickle-cell
- anemia and Tay-Sachs and all the rest, because ultimately we
- don't trust the market to regulate life itself. And this may
- be the hardest thing of all to acknowledge: that it isn't so
- much 21st century technology we fear, as what will happen to
- that technology in the hands of old-fashioned 20th century capitalism.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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